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aaa EIDVANGE. be
. * Eruth Is powerful and will prevall. - oe es
sete oo O£FICE.No, 70 BAYARD.
ed {StReer, IN THE REAR.
VOL. XB Pe
: . -NEW-YORK;- SATURDAY SEPTEMBER 27, 35. oe He NO. 39,
a » Poet's Corner, howing, by comparison with the census of 1831,a slight | i increasing pepulation will be for the occupation of such’} passioy.”. Bitrer-sectarian ‘hatred, rebellion, and assassina-
. increase in ‘the manufacturing proportion of ‘ per cent, aout of land,» As land aleo dows not increase, but the | tions ie the result. But would the foolish and wick-
ue THE SONG OF THE IVY. since the census of 1831, chiefly owing to shops or trade, | population dees, and the occupation of land is nearly the| ed talk about Protestantism, or Po y, or Saxon rule
i nN E
He,t a laughed the Ivy, “ let poets § sing
Of the oak, and crown him the
| Let them sing of the elm, for bis ly het,
And the bireb, for bis bark, white ;
2 Tet thera praise t the chesnut, for m ee
‘Aad the willow, for beauty,—but what care
* Beauteots, and stately, and strong, and tall, —
e conquer them all—T conquer them al
“ sae ha!” leughed the ann “« Tet men uprear
Castles and places far and near ;
Pile upon pile let their ‘fabrics ris ise, .
; Darkening the earth and mocking the skies :
‘« ‘Fla, ha” laughed the Ivy, “old ?
Hath given the iglory and mastery !'
So poets may sing, if it like them well,
Front early mating till vesper bell,
‘And others may list to their minstrelay,—
“ve a gong of m: ‘n,—so what care [2
Beauteous, ‘ant statel ly, and strong, and tall—
rol conquer them allT conquer them all ” ;
{
:
i
’
igo
The Condition ‘of the People: of Ireland,
oo | [Extracted from the Times.)
baw (Kost oR OWN CommMtssIONER.) |
: c ugust 21.
“Ieis a position conceded by all parties ta. Ireland that
; want of employment is the cause of much poverty, dis-
tress, and mischief. Unhappily that mischief, too, coa-
| ¥inuaily exhibits itself under the form of aggravated out-
as, anhap, ily, the qariety of opinions as to the
eases of those! outrages, whilst they scatter the force of
united public opinion, ‘distract men’s minds, and prevent
| application of the remedies which alone will puta stop
mutrage.
The able author of the Past and Present Policy of. Eng:
towards Ireland bas laboured to show that distur-
| bances in Ireland originate in religious causes—that the
want of a state provision for the Roman Catholic clergy
1 aecesitates the maintenance of a numerons army in Ire-
jand to maintain tranquillity, and that a concurrent endow-
{ iment of the Roman Catholic clergy, as a measure of * ju
| ce and wisdom,” is that which will make ireland traqui
! Those who assemble in Exeter Hall to uphold Protessant:
hi ie tnaintaia that the spread of Protestantism, and th
of Roman Catholics, will alone tranquillise
Teen Bath the parties whom these opinions represent
| auiribute to religion the® messenger of peace”—t!
{ source of all strie. Another large party contends that
Irish vationality will stay Irieh, “shanti, and secure
Prosperity aud content to Iveland.
i -ltis the object of my present leur to endeavour to
prove by evidence, which it will b icult to dispute,
that the source of all mischief in techs real origin
of every ‘ane, and of almost every® crime, is the
wind of em, ent—that ious diflerences but exacer-
| bate the i irdtaifon which ‘ths unvarying cause produces—
and that as “drowning men catch at straws,” the remedy
of Irish « nationality” meets with support amongst despe-
“Tate men, whose circumstances cannot be worse, but who
would scout the notion of narrowing their opportunities as
j@ manifest absurdity, were but the soothing influences of
Constant aud rer
then their necessary consequence—content
missioners recently appointed t to inquire into
the occupation of Jand in Ireland, ia their report, page 11,
wate—
: * Whatever difference of opinion may be put forward
:°F entertained upon other points, the testimony given is
“walortanately too uniform in representing the unimproved
ie of’ extensive vee the want of employment, and
the consequent pov id hardships under which.
Bee portion of the: agricultural popelation continually
our
The obvious remed: ‘for this state of things i is to pro-
lymentewich may at once increase
of the country, and improve the
“3 -
&
&
: + Sendition of the people. »
set us, however, examine, and endeavour to prove to
plas reason that this is an inconteetible fact, and depends.
oa no opinion. I am in the county of Cavan, and will,
therefore, fake the county of Cavan for my data. is tut
ces have rises here let us see if they are to be traced
t0 this cause.
tris necnary first to see what is the field of ocenpation
which the people have 2—what is the scope for their in-
dustry redhat wie outlet for their natural increase?
The report of the Census Commissioners (Ireland) for
1841, states that the ulation of the county of .Ca
is ewployed in the followi ring proportions in each hundred
families (page 18) »
PaopoxTion OF 100 FAMILIES CHIEFLY EMPLOYED IN
munerative employment to produce among | source of
occupation, So that
are ei
tures and trade
occupation for the po} ulation, as it naturally increeses; is
in the proportion of 4 to 1 in agricultural purs
We will now examine what is the extent of hig ‘mean:
of occupation, or rather how much employment this larg
here 79 per cont of the populatio
ont of employment
and this number is thus constituted :—
Above 1to Sacres |'- = 16,807
t 1&5 tol acres = 6 = 12,208
“15 to 30 acres = = 1,951
“- 30acres ee 668
Total =. - : 25,641
small tl
of cultivating his fara by himsel
tion to the labou! Itisanore than (questionable tha
each occupant and his family can, without as seintance, cul.
tivate the farms which range
majority of ther
a source of em
loyment for the natural increase o}
ive in the whole county of Cavan.
already stocked with labourers,
prove that
f the unemployed.
will do it in twolines,
But these
he census oft
e 57,651 onde iduals of
Out 0}
dition the poor labourers of England—the county of Ca-
employment far the unemployet. The #4
wiil apply to the
tures afford.
women in
kind employ but 8,498 men, and 31,870 wom
population of 243,1 (Census, page 300 to
it must, “therefore, be apparent pak the narrow
field of «trade and manicure 8” whic xists can-
not give emvloyment to reasing population, and
that te vider field o: i agriculture neither can nor does.
of agrionture, it is true, is capable of exten-
sion, ath by improyements an creasing the cul
vated surface. e Jand commissioners state in their re.
port that there are 724 000 acres of unimpr rowed | fand in the
unty of Cavan, that 20,000 acres are capable of im-
provement for cultivation, and that 28,000 wht (be drain.
ed for pasture, leaving 24,000 acres on the summits of
lofty hills, exceeding 1,000 feet in elevation, which may
be considered as incapable of iimpros ement page 50). But
en, out o!
e
$
this improvement has yet to be ca d the mere
unemployed labourer is not the man w who can ear it out.
This Boece o of employment depends on others—on those
who have the lands and the means, as alro does t that wider
occupation which improvement in the system of
agriculture would afford. But I speak of facts us they
are; these means of employment exist not n
If necessary further to pursue this proof, the general
statistical accounts of Ireland lead to the same result.
Census C £1841 (page 11) st
and uniform rate of increase of the fixed population to ne
12 per cent. in the 10 years for 1831 to 1841: yet the
psn returns show an increase in the yesident popala-
little more than 5 5 per cent count for
the remaining increase it. by cima nating the
draughts from Ireland, driven out O seck employme:
elsewhere, 572,464 ; and they thus compute this notaous
number from their relurns : —
From 1831 to ale
=
Emigration to the Golonies root + 5 428,471
eat Britain : : 104,814
Recruits f is for the ae : 34,000
Bat India Company». - 5,088
“ 572,464
So that we not only have Great Britain finding employ-
ment annually fer Fupwanis of or 7,000 harvest labourers,
but also for an increase of 1 labourers, permanently
settled in Great weeny yen a and the whole num-
ber of persons | of Ish birth dwelling in Great Britain,
in June, 1841, is stated to have been 419,256, (Census,
page 10.
m So that a million of the population of Treland of the
present generation is permanently squeezed out of Ireland
by tant of employment, and driven to- eearch for a liveli-
hood in Great Britain and our colonies, over and above
the annual awarm that migrates during harvest time.
‘As neither trade nor manufactures, nae agricultural la-
bour apart from the oxcupation of the land can give work
to increas and to those eae of employment
as four-fifths of the amount of existing employment, or
79 per cent., is derived from the occupation of Jand, for
the most part in patches of from one to fifteen acres, it
Te ge
be 1 é g | £5
OE Tg 2 | 28.
3) és 5 ts
: Eg) é
CB SY Be; S Ze
Bo 3 5 28.
3 3 =|, Bes
2 2Es
a a.-4% ERS
oz: & —s
28 20. |e. p99
coal a Mt bed ie al
necessarily follows that the struggle of the Majority of the
and a relative decrease in the. agricultural proportion. of
mployed in agriculture, and 21 per cent. in manufac-
The great outlet, therefore, or means of | stru;
ion of agricultural pursuits can aflord to an increasing
population, or to those who, from any cause may be thrown
it, According tothe census of 1841
(page 455) there are 25,641 farms in the county of Cavan,
Thus 23, 00 out of the 25,600 farms are under fifteen
that each ocenpant is capable} mAnit
f. no occupa-
cres, or the
Then what remains irom agriculture
population, and for those who may be divested of employ-
ment? The labour which 668 farms above 30 acres can
farms are
It is almost needless to
they do not afford scope for the surplus indus-
was of —are unemployed nine months in the year;
the rural population of Ireland, ho annually migrate to
England in search of harvest work, squeezed out to look
for employment, and thereby to reduce to their own con-
yan’ sens forth: 1,904, (Census pe 27.) they could
find work at home they would not go to England for it.
‘These few fart e 30 acres, do not find
bservations
e narrow field which ‘rade and smanufsce
‘The trades aad manufactures, which occupy
21 per cent. of the popufation, are aheady supplied. with
artisans, and they chieflyyemploy women. It is very] @ man and hes family to subsist
questionable if this branch of ensployment ators work crenata desperate intensity of the struge’e
for the natural increase of those concerned in it. Whilst} gar jin qe at the necator ce bach ata eetot atten ee
agricultural oceapations mploy 56,583 men “and 2,111 Pa Ng als.
e county, ‘manufactures and ale of cvery
- ntry—
(and with work of course the means of subsistence) and | rate—i
aly means (f employment, and therefore of subsistence
in { which the country aflords, it follows that as no population
will starve without desperate efforts, or emigrate without
iggles aga nst this desperate remedy, nearly as intense,
is the ebiaining and retaining possession of such a patch of
ohjcets which enlist the strongest of human mo-
is treet struggle for existence. It is existence with a
e| patch of land; it is station itu it,
—every instinct of the eart— is rous
and retain possession of the patch of Iahd—the means of
existence.
Mr. Nicho's, the poor law commissioner, in his first re-
port, in 1838, as the propriety of establishing poor laws mn
in Treland, thus writes =
“ The sub- -jivision of the land into small holdings bav-
ing destroyed the regular demand for labor, the only pro.
fection against actual want, the only means ict
man can’ procure food for his fa family, is by getting and
retaining posession of a of land; for this he
has struggled, for thie the peasantry have combined ;
and burst through all | the restraints of Jaw a of hue
and. to themis a great necessary of lite
hiring of servants.
+ | day labore!
"There is no
A man cannot obtain his ‘living as a
er.! He must get possession of a plot of land
on which to raise potatoes or starve. It need scarcely be
said that a man will not starve as long as the means of
{? sustaining life can be obtained by: force or fraud; ai
hence the scenes of violence and bloodshed which have
80 frequently occurred in Ireland,
is town from which I write (Cavan) I am informed
the best authority and from several sources, that the
labouring mex of the neighborhood—those without Jind
and that
there is general employment for them only ‘during the
spring, and atharvest time. J am told that, except during
these periods, from thirty to Bitty may be seen uuempioy-
ed at the market-cross, every morning, waiting for a job,
and that there is no demand for their work. During har.
vest we wwages are 1s. a day. ring the reat “at the
ye es are 8d. a day, without food, or 4s.
week. "They have to pay 25s, to 30s, sent for their
collages, and if they rent a patch of Jand manured, or con
acre, for potatoes, they pa an acre for it! The evi-
dence before the land ciciom as to the county of Cav-
an shows this, 4s. a ck for nis nine months in the year for
t
&
possessed, with this only resource of slow starvation, of
scarcely animal existence—as the horrible alternative ?—
From various motives, the propriety oo which I will not
now step aside to inquire into ; some from the conviction
of absolute necessity ; some from a desire to consolidate
farmsand i improve cultivation—some, it is said, from mi
tives of bigotry, in order to substitute tenants of one faith
jor those of arother—-som me because they had a turbulent
me because they could get no rent—landlords
have continually tenants without providing them
a substitute for thet ean of existence which the patch of
Jand afforded them. What I wish now to confine my at.
tention to is the bare fact ot an ejectment, and its conse-
quence without reference to any motive whatever which
may have Very’ many of the landlords, it is
tue, have given money to the tenants as compensation un
their quitting their holdings. : The Land Occupation Com-
missioners | ay their report on this subject, Tthink justly
conclude that—
“lt i diel to say what compensation apart from
Jand, wi quate i ina country where lat alone af-
fords a vamaesk security for foo ney is soon
sent inthe teriporary misintenance of the ‘tanily. They
be willing to labor but can find no employment."
eee pagi
quote the evidence of Doctor
fe belore the select committee of 1830, to inquire into
the ite of Ireland, as to the effect of these ejectments,
whatever cause they may proceed. It will be found
quoted in page 19, of the report of Lord Devon's eom-
ssi
8
ji
It would he impossible for language to ‘convey an
idea of the state of distress to which the ejected tenantry
have been reduce: isease, misery, ani
which they have propagated in the towns wherein they
have settled; so that, not only they who have been ejected
have been rendered miserable, but they who have carried
with them and propagated that misery. ave in-
creased the stock of labor; they have Tendered the habita-
tions of those who received them, more crowded, they
ave given occasion to the dissemination of disease; they
have been obliged to resort to theft, and all tanner of vice
and iniquity, 10 procure subsistence ; but is the
most painful of all, a vast number of them perished “trom
‘Need we travel into theological etrife, or into political
crotchets, ahout repeal ; need we examine into the Catho-
lic faith, or into questions about Protestant ascendancy —
into the necessity ot general endowments in order to seek
anelucidation of the causes of outrage in Ireland when
these facts are before
Hiected from his land, without other means of living,
or harsh landlords, whether it is trie or falee, produce
such horrid restlts without the pre-existing, all-exci-
Ling, cause of mischief—desperation, founded on bopelee
starvation
Now, ‘chat inthe “Molly Maguineiem,” which has
uurbéd this county? Tt is ‘« Ribboniem.”
say the magistrates ‘in their a jacards. offering rewasds for
the apprehension of “ Molly Magnires.” Well, what is
* Rilbonism?” “Tn the evidence taken before a committee
of the House of Lords, upon the cause of crime in Iseland,
at
” Question 5006,
lin Police)
WwW biter x
10,2 eed (assistant of Mr. Gales ¢ of the home
chew) Liye “it is the same as Blac
14,448. Mr. Rathbone Caipendary toerritrate) says, “it
is the same as
9,408, Captain W achurion 8 (stipendiary magistrate) says
«it isthe same as Roc!
14,529. Sir Vm. Sonertle says,“ Ribbonism in Meath
_ Major Brown, (Commissioner of Dub-
ibbonism is Of the same nature as
is a kind of Trades’-union.”
14,792, Mr. Ford (attorney of Meath) gives evidence to
the same effect.
8,430, 8.431. Mr, Barrington eays, “ Ribbonmen are the
same as Whiteboys.”
611. Captain Vignoles Seay, “they are the same as
Peep-o'day-Boys,” and 1 never heen able to
discover uny uistinction bet cen the Ritand Society and
the others,”
* Molly Maguireism” then, is, io fact, but the embody-
ment of the sprrit of discon is an old-existing mala-
anew name. Wewillsee: presently—bearing
previous evidence in emembrance--if theselasbeen caure
for it in this neighbor
Now let us examine © what the evidence, given beiore
this commitiee, in 1839, shows to be the prevailing and
almost w universal cause of crime in Irelan
estion 8,605, Mr. Piers Gale (lor twenty-two years
crown elisior for the Irish _bome circuit) says,
“Tl re are no manufactures in Ireland, and that,
consequent! a poor man is deprived of his land, whe-
ther ately or wrongfully, or whetker he pays bis rent
or not, he has little to depend on, and is, therefore, ex~
tremely veluctant to leave the eround, and indignant at any
person n that takes it over his
At question 7,641, Mr. Bargin (for 25 years crown
solicitor of the Munster circuit) sa
«That there being no man! mafactares | in the country, the
actual existence of the peasantry depends upon their hav-
ing land; there are twenty to offer for every farm.
The whole disturbances of the country depend upon the
desire to kee)
7,640. « That it does not make @ particle of difference
whether the person put in isa Catholic or Pratestan'
is equally the object of thei | fury, and they would murder
him equ ally.”
1.266, 1,267, 1,268. Majer Warburton (for 22 years
on the Ctablicbment of the Trish constabulary) sa;
“That there is a great deal of misery in every shape
among the poorer classes, whether they have land or
not; that a poor man turned out of his land without the
means of maintaining his family, will endeay
by crime if he cannot by other means; and that sucha
sate “ol things must ‘necescarily involve people in crime,
they “are reduced to destitution by being turned out
of hci lands without baving ary means of su risience.
Questions 266, 282, 283, 2 Shaw
Kennedy, late inspector-general of the Trish constabulary
states—
« That the great growudwork of all Whitcboy offences
is connected with land; that the increase
tributable more to social than to political causes. Politicat
gitation and religious differences appear only to in-
crease erme by affecting the social condition of the peo.
ple ile Whatever offects the tenancy of the land will instont-
ly offect
7,346, T 347. Mr. Barrington says——
«The general cause of anxiety at all times in Ireland
js anxiety to possess land; such has been the case since
1761, Whilst I bave been crown solicitor (for 25 years)
I could thace almost every outrage to some dispute “about
aos, Mr. Tierney, crown solicitor of the Irish north-
western circuit for 12 years, says—
« That the revailing eae ce of outrages isthe letting and
possession of land, and the ¢ dispossessing of the former tens
anis and occupiers
oa i Hickman for mpwards | we 20 years
of the Connaught circuit
n Roscommon, Leitrim, and Sligo. the o outrages
arise, tem ‘the taking of land
.380,9,421" Captain B, Warburton, stipendiary
magitate for 15° years stales—
hat the murders and outrages gst have happened
lately in Galway have arisen from disputes about land,
and ‘that the principal and primary object of all asso
often among the peasantry is the taking and keeping
9.746, 9,720. Mr. Tabiteau, a resident magistrate
the Irish tenant is rendered desperate hy the prospect of
starvation, way he will, an impossibitity
of obtaining subsistence “faces him. Need we wonder that
outrages and combinations to resist eyectment, even to
death, grow up from such seed? Tell a man thus despe-
reckless—that he owes his present misery and pro-
spective starvation to Protestant ascendancy—to a desire
to substitute a Protestant cenaniry to a
mentor to a harsh lai you lash exieting des-
Tertion into fury, and ive direction to already existing
hat something ahout land ig the cause of all murders
in Ireland; and thet efectment és synonimous with reducing
the cotticr tenant to gestation and misery.
6,817, mis, crown-solicitor for the
Leinster circuit, comprising, "Wicklow, Wexford, Water
ford, Kilkenny, and ‘Tipperary, saye—
nthe Leinster Cirewt outrages are mostly
rn ‘commited neither on account of religion nor of
iti
Veh goon m qneting much evidence of the same Xmas