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6' THE FATHERLAND
livered to the English Army. According to the description, these
bullets, on hitting an object, spread like an umbrella or a mush-
room. But they are manufactured in a manner so crafty that
they cannot be distinguished-at first sight-from any regular
luullet. Thus the soldier is made to believe that he is using reg-
ular bullets and has no idea of the crime he is committing.
We hesitate to believe that the government of the United States
will disregard the protest of the German Ambassador, even if
the investigation of the existing laws, as announced by the Sec-
retary of State Bryan, should result in a finding that there was no
legal ground for interference.
VVe do not allege that the Union Metallic Cartridge Co. is act-
ing in bad faith, and we wish to believe that those dum-dum bul-
lets were sold in good faith to England “for sporting purposes"
only, a fact to which nobody could reasonably object.
What we doubt, however, is the “sporting purpose" of those
eight million (if not more) bullets. V.Ve are convinced of the
fact that the majority of the American people are not willing
to have the good reputation of their industries compromised and
to be accused of collusion with any belligerent in violations of
the law of nations.
Let us wish that the government will act before it is too late,
so that in the future, we need not turn away in shame if one of
those maimed and crippled victims should point to his wounds
saying:
"Made in America!”
THE DUTY OF THE STATE TO THE CITIZEN
By Frank Koester
(This is the second‘ in a series of articles dealing with the remarkable progress Germany has made as a great co;;;,,;e,-“'51 M.
tioh. Mr. Koestcr points out in the following paper how the citiscn in Germany subordinate: himself to the Slate and how his motto
"One for all and all for one” is literally carried out and has resulted in placing the Teulon in the front rank of nations. This arti-
cle should appeal with particular force to thoughtful Airzcfltall‘ ‘Wlfronted daily zt.-ith the difficult problems arising in our own body
politic.)
HE roots of national greatness lie deep in the character of
the individual citizens of a state, and the oak of its progress
is the measure of their sturdiness and vigor.
No great nation has ever appeared whose individual citizens
were supine and characteristically self-interested, but wherever
thematerial of good citizenship has gathered itself sufiiciently
together a great state has resulted.
A certain physical magnitude, however, is necessary to a state
if it is to reach the highest national development, for small states,
though there are those that show the great qualities of the great
states, must necessarily fail to inspire their citizens with the
powerful morale which the citizen of a great state experiences
through the enormous power of the nation of which he is a part.
The very magnitude of a state thus gives it a vast added power
far in excess of the power of a number of small states of an
equal aggregate size.
This is exemplified in the history of what is now the German
Empire. Scarcely more than a. century ago there were three
hundred separate governments, including kingdoms, grand
duchies, duchies, principalities, free cities and the like. There
were over 1,500 tariffs in existence between these states and they
were of such insignificant power that the national spirit was
largely dormant.
Napoleon overran them and consolidated them to 38, thus be-
ginning the process which Bismarck finished hardly more than a
half century later with the consolidation into the German Em-
pire of the 25 units of which it is now composed.
The enormous power which has been the outgrowth of Bis-
marck’s work is undoubtedly the greatest exemplification that
there has ever been of the value of unity, the union of the states
of the United States not even excepted, as they were never in
reality disunited to the extent of making war on each other as
were the German states, and the numbers suddenly brought into a
state of unification were very much smaller.
“lhen German unity was accomplished and the Germans came
to regard themselves as Germans rather than as Bavarians, Hes.
sins, Prussians, VVurtembergers, or Saxons, as the case might be,
the psychological elements of a new national force came into
existence and the morale of magnitude inspired the citizens of
the new nation with a national spirit of almost unexampled
ardency and patriotism.
Today three thousand Germans will charge the enemyts
trenches and fifty will survive. Humanity is capable of nothing
more. To what ideal do they sacrifice themselves? Nothing
else than that of German unity, to the preservation of a national
entity that has only come into existence within the memory Of
living men, but which inspires an enthusiasm and devotion which
has never been surpassed in history.
The extraordinary progress which Gertnany has made within
the short span of its unified existence is the expression in other
fields of the same devotion which the German shows for German
ideals on the battlefields.
It may with truth be claimed that any patriotic people will
sacrifice themselves for their country on the battlefield with equal
valor, and reasoning from this fact, it is easy to fall into tht
error of assuming that in peace their relations to their country
will be marked with the same degree of devotion.
Such, however, is not the case. There are not lacking 5”"
instances in some countries of commanding ofhcers of armies
H"3fti“Is' 0" Sllpplies at the same time that they risk their lives in
battle.
The unique position of Germany today is that the nation as 3
nation is served by its citizens with respect and devotion. 115
g0V6rning body is regarded with respect and this is because it
commands respect by its actions. Less, undoubtedly, than MY
Om?’ Colmtfy does Germany suffer from the deadening effects
Of‘ Paftisan struggles while efficiency is demanded, surel)’ Ob‘
tadnedt imd fled)’ rendered by her public ofiicials.
The secret of Germany’s progress is largely due to her ehicient
public service.
But W35. it must always be kept in mind, is not a thing 2193'“
from Germany, but an expression of the German character. mm“
P3“l'3“l31'1Y 05 the public spirited phase of the German citizen's
character.
The state is always the resultant of the character of its citizens
and the citizen whose character includes a strong sense of Public
Spifit Can justly be said to be superior to the citizen whose ch3.I"
acter evinces no such phase, for public spiritedness means a wil-
lingness on the part of the individual to sacrifice his personal
desires to the welfare of the whole.
A body of citizens ready to make such sacrifices will form 3
greater state than those unwilling to make sacrihces to the state-
This ‘Vi11ln8Tless and sense of duty of the individual to life
group of individuals, the state, is a highly marked characteristic
of the German and since the fact of German unity, it has hfid
scope for exercise which it did not previously possess. UHW
has been its opportunity, progress its abounding fruit. . ,
But while a state is the resultant of the character of H5 Cm"
